Date Log
Diversity: Assessing its Role in Perceived Organizational Climate
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohammad Farid Noorzad
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities,
Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): October
Abstract
Diversity encompasses a spectrum of attributes beyond immediately visible characteristics such as age, gender, and race, including less apparent factors like religion, education, and personality types. Managing these diverse visible and invisible characteristics through managerial practices and approaches can enhance employees' perceived organizational climate that, in turn, leads to many work-related positive outcomes. This study employs a cross-sectional survey design to examine the impact of diversity management on organizational climate. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to administrative employees in Konya's 2nd Industrial Zone in central Turkey. From a population of 1,050 employees, 300 randomly selected respondents completed the questionnaire. After screening for completeness and removing duplicates, 273 responses were validated for analysis using regression statistical tests in SPSS. The findings reveal that diversity management significantly positively affects employees' perceived organizational climate. Multiple regression analysis confirms that organizational policies, practices, and procedures designed to embrace diversity positively influence employees' perceptions of the organizational climate. The study concludes with practical recommendations for managers, acknowledges limitations, and suggests directions for future research.
Keywords
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- Aarons, G. A., & Sawitzky, A. C. (2006). Organizational climate partially mediates the effect of culture on work attitudes and staff turnover in mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33(3), 289-301.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-006-0039-1
- Aksu, N. (2008). Örgüt kültürü bağlamında farklılıkların yönetimi ve bir uygulama (Doktora tezi-PhD Thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa).
- Alper, Y., Bayraktar, Erhan ve Karaçam, Özgür (2001). Herkes İçin Psikiyatri (Genişletilmiş Birinci Baskı ed.). İstanbul: Gendaş Yayınları.
- Ashikali, T., & Groeneveld, S. (2015). Diversity management in public organizations and its effect on employees’ affective commitment: The role of transformational leadership and the inclusiveness of the organizational culture. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 35(2), 146-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X135110
- Atasoy, Z. (2012). Farklılıkların yönetimi: üniversite öğrencilerinin ayrımcılık algısının öğrenci başarı düzeyine etkisi üzerine bir araştırma (Master thesis, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
- Bean, R., Sammartino, A., O’Flynn, J., Lau, K., & Nicholas, S. (2001). Using diversity climate surveys: A toolkit for diversity management. Programme for the Practice of Diversity Management by Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA) and the Australian Centre for International Business (ACIB).
- Chrobot-Mason, D., & Aramovich, N. P. (2013). The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group & Organization Management, 38(6), 659-689. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113509835
- D’Netto, B. and Sohal, A.S. (1999), "Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment," International Journal of Manpower 20(8) 530-547. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910302723
- Dwertmann, D. J. G., Nishii, L. H., & van Knippenberg, D. (2016).
- Disentangling the fairness and discrimination and synergy perspectives on diversity climate: Moving the field forward. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1136-1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316630380
- Eğinli, A, T. (2009). Örgütsel Bağlılığın Geliştirilmesinde Farklılık Yöntemi. Doktora Tezi-PhD Thesis. Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtın Anabilim Dalı.
- Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667087
- Gider, İ, H. (2016). İşletmelerde Farklılık Yönetimi Anlayışı ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumları Arasındaki İlişkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi-Master Thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi.
- Hofhuis, J., van der Rijt, P.G.A. & Vlug, M. (2016). Diversity climate enhances work outcomes through trust and openness in workgroup communication. Springer Plus 5, 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2499-4
- Jallow, A. S. (2017). An analysis on the relationship between organizational climate and employee retention: Evidence from the Gambia. Yüksek Lisans Tezi- Master Thesis. Marmara Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / İşletme (İngilizce) Anabilim Dalı / Yönetim ve Organizasyon (İngilizce) Bilim Dalı. Istanbul
- Jauhari, H. and Singh, S. (2013), "Perceived diversity climate and employees’ organizational loyalty", Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 32(3), 262-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-12-2012-0119
- Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict and Performance in Workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667054
- Kellough, J. E., & Naff, K. C. (2004). Responding to a Wake-up Call: An Examination of Federal Agency Diversity Management Programs. Administration & Society, 36(1), 62-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399703257269
- Kim, H. K., & Lee, U. H. (2014). Managing workplace diversity and employee’s turnover intention: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(10), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.10.145
- Kossek, E. E., & Zonia, S. C. (1993). Assessing diversity climate: A field study of reactions to employer efforts to promote diversity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(1), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140107
- Kurtulmuş, M., & Ergül, H. F. (2014). Okullarda farkliliklarin yönetimi ölçeğinin geçerlik güvenirlik çalişmasi. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 5(22), 298-312.
- Landau, S., & Everitt, B.S. (2003). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS (1st ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203009765
- McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00116.x
- McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2009). A Tale of Two Climates: Diversity Climate from Subordinates’ and Managers’ perspectives and Their Role in Store Unit Sales Performance. Personnel Psychology, 62(4), 767-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01157.x
- Mousa, M. (2017). Responsible Leadership and Organizational Commitment among Physicians: Can Inclusive Diversity Climate Enhance the Relationship? Journal of Intercultural Management, 52(2), 103-141. doi: 10.1515/joim-2017-0010
- Priyadarshini, E., & Babu, A. C. (2012). A comparative analysis for forecasting the NAV's of Indian mutual fund using multiple regression analysis and artificial neural networks. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(5), 347-350. doi: 10.7763/IJTEF.2012.V3.225
- Salomon, M. F., & Schork, J. M. (2003). Turn Diversity to Your Advantage. Research TechnologyManagement, 46(4),37–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2003.11671575
- Schneider, B., Brief, A. P., & Guzzo, R. A. (1996). Creating a climate and culture for sustainable organizational change. Organizational dynamics, 24(4), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(96)90010-8
- Sezerel, H., & Tonus, H. Z. (2014). The soft element of strategic human resource management: the employee's perception of diversity climate. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 22(7), 150, 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.026
- Shen, J., Chanda, A., D'Netto, B., & Monga, M. (2009). Managing diversity through human resource management: An international perspective and conceptual framework. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802670516
- Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling techniques & determination of sample size in applied statistics research: An overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 1-22. http://ijecm.co.uk/
- Stringer, R. A. (2002). Leadership and organizational climate : the cloud chamber effect. Prentice Hall. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47443815.html
- Sürgevil, O. (2010). Çalışma Yaşamında Farklılıkların Yönetimi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Ankara
- Tagiuri, R., Litwin, G. H., Barnes, L. B. (1968). Organizational climate : explorations of a concept. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University Press.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- Tüz, M. V., & Gümüş, M. (2010). Çalışanların Farklılık Algı ve Tutumları: İnsan Kaynakları Profesyonellerine ve Otel Çalışanlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(02), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002161
- United States Census Bureau. (2002). Web address: www.census.gov/search-results.html?q
- Vijayakumar, V. S. (2007). Management styles, work values and organizational climate. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33(2), 249-260.
- West, M. A., Smith, H., Feng, W. L., & Lawthom, R. (1998). Research excellence and departmental climate in British universities. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00676.x
- Wise, L. R., & Tschirhart, M. (2000). Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: How useful is diversity research for public‐sector managers? Public Administration Review, 60(5), 386-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00102
- Wolfson, N., Kraiger, K., & Finkelstein, L. (2011). The Relationship between Diversity Climate Perceptions and Workplace Attitudes. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 14(3), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887156.2011.546170
- Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013) A Beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis, Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
References
Aarons, G. A., & Sawitzky, A. C. (2006). Organizational climate partially mediates the effect of culture on work attitudes and staff turnover in mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33(3), 289-301.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-006-0039-1
Aksu, N. (2008). Örgüt kültürü bağlamında farklılıkların yönetimi ve bir uygulama (Doktora tezi-PhD Thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa).
Alper, Y., Bayraktar, Erhan ve Karaçam, Özgür (2001). Herkes İçin Psikiyatri (Genişletilmiş Birinci Baskı ed.). İstanbul: Gendaş Yayınları.
Ashikali, T., & Groeneveld, S. (2015). Diversity management in public organizations and its effect on employees’ affective commitment: The role of transformational leadership and the inclusiveness of the organizational culture. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 35(2), 146-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X135110
Atasoy, Z. (2012). Farklılıkların yönetimi: üniversite öğrencilerinin ayrımcılık algısının öğrenci başarı düzeyine etkisi üzerine bir araştırma (Master thesis, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Bean, R., Sammartino, A., O’Flynn, J., Lau, K., & Nicholas, S. (2001). Using diversity climate surveys: A toolkit for diversity management. Programme for the Practice of Diversity Management by Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA) and the Australian Centre for International Business (ACIB).
Chrobot-Mason, D., & Aramovich, N. P. (2013). The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group & Organization Management, 38(6), 659-689. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113509835
D’Netto, B. and Sohal, A.S. (1999), "Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment," International Journal of Manpower 20(8) 530-547. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910302723
Dwertmann, D. J. G., Nishii, L. H., & van Knippenberg, D. (2016).
Disentangling the fairness and discrimination and synergy perspectives on diversity climate: Moving the field forward. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1136-1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316630380
Eğinli, A, T. (2009). Örgütsel Bağlılığın Geliştirilmesinde Farklılık Yöntemi. Doktora Tezi-PhD Thesis. Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtın Anabilim Dalı.
Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667087
Gider, İ, H. (2016). İşletmelerde Farklılık Yönetimi Anlayışı ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumları Arasındaki İlişkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi-Master Thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi.
Hofhuis, J., van der Rijt, P.G.A. & Vlug, M. (2016). Diversity climate enhances work outcomes through trust and openness in workgroup communication. Springer Plus 5, 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2499-4
Jallow, A. S. (2017). An analysis on the relationship between organizational climate and employee retention: Evidence from the Gambia. Yüksek Lisans Tezi- Master Thesis. Marmara Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / İşletme (İngilizce) Anabilim Dalı / Yönetim ve Organizasyon (İngilizce) Bilim Dalı. Istanbul
Jauhari, H. and Singh, S. (2013), "Perceived diversity climate and employees’ organizational loyalty", Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 32(3), 262-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-12-2012-0119
Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict and Performance in Workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667054
Kellough, J. E., & Naff, K. C. (2004). Responding to a Wake-up Call: An Examination of Federal Agency Diversity Management Programs. Administration & Society, 36(1), 62-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399703257269
Kim, H. K., & Lee, U. H. (2014). Managing workplace diversity and employee’s turnover intention: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(10), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.10.145
Kossek, E. E., & Zonia, S. C. (1993). Assessing diversity climate: A field study of reactions to employer efforts to promote diversity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(1), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140107
Kurtulmuş, M., & Ergül, H. F. (2014). Okullarda farkliliklarin yönetimi ölçeğinin geçerlik güvenirlik çalişmasi. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 5(22), 298-312.
Landau, S., & Everitt, B.S. (2003). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS (1st ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203009765
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00116.x
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2009). A Tale of Two Climates: Diversity Climate from Subordinates’ and Managers’ perspectives and Their Role in Store Unit Sales Performance. Personnel Psychology, 62(4), 767-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01157.x
Mousa, M. (2017). Responsible Leadership and Organizational Commitment among Physicians: Can Inclusive Diversity Climate Enhance the Relationship? Journal of Intercultural Management, 52(2), 103-141. doi: 10.1515/joim-2017-0010
Priyadarshini, E., & Babu, A. C. (2012). A comparative analysis for forecasting the NAV's of Indian mutual fund using multiple regression analysis and artificial neural networks. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(5), 347-350. doi: 10.7763/IJTEF.2012.V3.225
Salomon, M. F., & Schork, J. M. (2003). Turn Diversity to Your Advantage. Research TechnologyManagement, 46(4),37–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2003.11671575
Schneider, B., Brief, A. P., & Guzzo, R. A. (1996). Creating a climate and culture for sustainable organizational change. Organizational dynamics, 24(4), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(96)90010-8
Sezerel, H., & Tonus, H. Z. (2014). The soft element of strategic human resource management: the employee's perception of diversity climate. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 22(7), 150, 354-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.026
Shen, J., Chanda, A., D'Netto, B., & Monga, M. (2009). Managing diversity through human resource management: An international perspective and conceptual framework. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802670516
Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling techniques & determination of sample size in applied statistics research: An overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 1-22. http://ijecm.co.uk/
Stringer, R. A. (2002). Leadership and organizational climate : the cloud chamber effect. Prentice Hall. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47443815.html
Sürgevil, O. (2010). Çalışma Yaşamında Farklılıkların Yönetimi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Ankara
Tagiuri, R., Litwin, G. H., Barnes, L. B. (1968). Organizational climate : explorations of a concept. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Tüz, M. V., & Gümüş, M. (2010). Çalışanların Farklılık Algı ve Tutumları: İnsan Kaynakları Profesyonellerine ve Otel Çalışanlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(02), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002161
United States Census Bureau. (2002). Web address: www.census.gov/search-results.html?q
Vijayakumar, V. S. (2007). Management styles, work values and organizational climate. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33(2), 249-260.
West, M. A., Smith, H., Feng, W. L., & Lawthom, R. (1998). Research excellence and departmental climate in British universities. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00676.x
Wise, L. R., & Tschirhart, M. (2000). Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: How useful is diversity research for public‐sector managers? Public Administration Review, 60(5), 386-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00102
Wolfson, N., Kraiger, K., & Finkelstein, L. (2011). The Relationship between Diversity Climate Perceptions and Workplace Attitudes. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 14(3), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887156.2011.546170
Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013) A Beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis, Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079