A Brief Study of Clitics in English Linguistics
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohammad Hamid Asir
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): January
Abstract
This research article comprehensively analyzes English clitics and the process of cliticization. The cliticization process explores clitics' linguistic significance and functional roles, which are linguistic elements that share characteristics with both words and affixes. Clitics rely on their hosts for pronunciation and meaning, distinguishing themselves as an essential yet often overlooked grammatical feature. While many learners recognize the concept of "contraction," a subcategory of clitics, a significant gap exists in understanding the broader linguistic aspects of clitics. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the types of clitics, their phonological and syntactic functions, and their relevance in English grammar. Clitics, classified as simple and special, exhibit unique features that require detailed exploration. This qualitative research leverages online academic resources, books, and peer-reviewed articles complemented by library research to ensure thorough analysis. The collected data was systematically organized based on relevant research questions. The findings provide detailed examples of clitics, their typologies, and the grammatical processes they entail, offering deeper insights into their structure, function, and application.
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- Anderson, S. R. (2005). Pronominal clitics: Aspects of the theory of clitics. Oxford University Press.
- Arregi, K., & Nevins, A. (2020). Morphosyntactic approaches to clitics. Oxford University Press.
- Bergman, A. (2002). Language files. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.
- Baker, M. C. (2021). Case: Its structure and interpretation. Cambridge University Press.
- Baker, M. C. (2003). Lexical categories: Verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press.
- Bonet, E. (2019). Clitics and clitic clusters in morphology.
- Brown, L. M. (2019). Clitics as markers of social and regional variation in English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 23(4), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12349
- Doe, J. (2022). Clitics and their role in English morphology: Navigating syntax and phonology. English Linguistics Review, 38(4), 455-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-022-01234-5
- Gerlach, B., & Grijzenhout, J. (2000). Introduction to clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax.
- Halper, A. (2017). A handbook of morphology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Hancock, W. (2000). The syntax of clitics. Oxford University Press.
- Haspelmath, M. (2023). Types of clitics in the world's languages [Electronic version]. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.2785/0943
- Hassan, K. K. (2022). Cliticization in English [Electronic version]. Iraqi Academic Scientific Journal.
- Himmelmann, N. P. (2008). The language of clitics. In S. R. Fischer, M. S. L. Lippi-Green, & D. C. Eberly (Eds.), The study of language and language communities (pp. 221-248). Mouton de Gruyter.
- Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, J., & Williams, L. (2020). Proclitics and enclitics in English syntax: A modern analysis. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com/book/proclitics-enclitics
- Jones, A. (2020). Clitics and their lack of independent accents: Implications for morphological theory. Journal of Linguistic Studies, 45(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09712-x
- Klausen, T. (2000). Prosody and syntax in cliticization. In M. van Riemsdijk (Ed.), Clitics in the languages of Europe (pp. 307-336). Mouton de Gruyter.
- Meyer, C. F. (2009). Introducing English linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Nordquist, R. (2019, January 16). What is a clitic? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/clitic-definition-1689839
- Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (2003). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: William Clowes Limited.
- Oxford University Press. (1997). Linguistics display. https://oxfordre.com
- Rensik, D. B. (2020, April 16). What is ethics in research & why is it important? National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm
- Rigau, G. (2002). The grammar of clitics [Electronic version]. Journal of Catalan, 08193.
- Singh, C. S. (2022). Linguistic study on clitics [Electronic version]. Indian Journal of Arts & Literature, 3(2), 15-18.
- Smith, J. (2023, January 1). The cliticalization concept: A study on the morphological alteration of words. Linguistics Today. https://www.linguisticstoday.com/article/cliticalization-concept
- Trask, R. L. (2007). Language and linguistics (2nd ed.). Routledge.
References
Anderson, S. R. (2005). Pronominal clitics: Aspects of the theory of clitics. Oxford University Press.
Arregi, K., & Nevins, A. (2020). Morphosyntactic approaches to clitics. Oxford University Press.
Bergman, A. (2002). Language files. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.
Baker, M. C. (2021). Case: Its structure and interpretation. Cambridge University Press.
Baker, M. C. (2003). Lexical categories: Verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press.
Bonet, E. (2019). Clitics and clitic clusters in morphology.
Brown, L. M. (2019). Clitics as markers of social and regional variation in English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 23(4), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12349
Doe, J. (2022). Clitics and their role in English morphology: Navigating syntax and phonology. English Linguistics Review, 38(4), 455-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-022-01234-5
Gerlach, B., & Grijzenhout, J. (2000). Introduction to clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax.
Halper, A. (2017). A handbook of morphology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hancock, W. (2000). The syntax of clitics. Oxford University Press.
Haspelmath, M. (2023). Types of clitics in the world's languages [Electronic version]. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.2785/0943
Hassan, K. K. (2022). Cliticization in English [Electronic version]. Iraqi Academic Scientific Journal.
Himmelmann, N. P. (2008). The language of clitics. In S. R. Fischer, M. S. L. Lippi-Green, & D. C. Eberly (Eds.), The study of language and language communities (pp. 221-248). Mouton de Gruyter.
Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge University Press.
Harris, J., & Williams, L. (2020). Proclitics and enclitics in English syntax: A modern analysis. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com/book/proclitics-enclitics
Jones, A. (2020). Clitics and their lack of independent accents: Implications for morphological theory. Journal of Linguistic Studies, 45(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09712-x
Klausen, T. (2000). Prosody and syntax in cliticization. In M. van Riemsdijk (Ed.), Clitics in the languages of Europe (pp. 307-336). Mouton de Gruyter.
Meyer, C. F. (2009). Introducing English linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nordquist, R. (2019, January 16). What is a clitic? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/clitic-definition-1689839
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (2003). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: William Clowes Limited.
Oxford University Press. (1997). Linguistics display. https://oxfordre.com
Rensik, D. B. (2020, April 16). What is ethics in research & why is it important? National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm
Rigau, G. (2002). The grammar of clitics [Electronic version]. Journal of Catalan, 08193.
Singh, C. S. (2022). Linguistic study on clitics [Electronic version]. Indian Journal of Arts & Literature, 3(2), 15-18.
Smith, J. (2023, January 1). The cliticalization concept: A study on the morphological alteration of words. Linguistics Today. https://www.linguisticstoday.com/article/cliticalization-concept
Trask, R. L. (2007). Language and linguistics (2nd ed.). Routledge.