Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Salam Abid

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Teacher–Student Rapport and Its Influence on English Language Learning Outcomes: Perceptions of Laghman University English Majors
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdul Salam Abid
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): October
Abstract
The teacher–student relationship is a vital component of students’ academic success and overall learning experience, fostering a safe and supportive classroom environment. Despite extensive international evidence on the benefits of teacher–student rapport, there is a lack of research on how this rapport specifically affects English language learning outcomes at Laghman University within the Afghan cultural context. This study aims to explore the impacts of teacher–student rapport on English language learning outcomes at the English Department of Laghman University, Afghanistan. A quantitative research design was employed to collect and analyze data. Data were gathered through a 35-item questionnaire distributed to 172 students, of whom 119 responded. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were calculated using SPSS version 26, and regression and correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship and impact of rapport on English language learning outcomes. The findings revealed that positive teacher–student rapport significantly enhanced English language learning outcomes, with key improvements such as increased motivation, greater classroom engagement, reduced anxiety, and enhanced self-confidence. The study adds to the literature on educational psychology and teaching methodology within Afghan higher education and offers practical suggestions for teachers, educators, and institutions to foster positive relationships and create a safer, more supportive learning environment.
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- Arrascue, G. (2023). The impact of teacher-student relationship on the academic, behavioral, and socioemotional growth and development of students aged Pre-K to 12 (Master’s thesis). Roger Williams University. Link
- Aryaeian, N., & Rezaee, A. A. (2023). Establishing and maintaining rapport with learners for classroom management: A qualitative inquiry into Iranian EFL teachers’ cognition. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 15(32), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.22034/elt.2023.59433.2587
- Aryaeian, N., & Rezaee, A. A. (2023). Establishing and maintaining rapport with learners for classroom management: A qualitative inquiry into Iranian EFL teachers’ cognition. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 15(32), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.22034/elt.2023.59433.2587
- Assali, M., & Davenport, L. (2024). Teachers’ perceptions of the impact of teacher-student rapport on motivation in the ESL classroom. World Journal of English Language,14(5),381-391 https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p381
- Atifnigar, H., Israr, S. W., Khanjar, I., & Hameed, S. A. B. A. (2023). Impacts of Culture on Classroom Participation Among Undergraduate EFL Learners in Afghanistan. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25
- Atifnigar, H., Israr, S. W., Khanjar, I., & Hameed, S. A. B. A. (2023). Impacts of culture on classroom participation among undergraduate EFL learners in Afghanistan. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25
- Atifnigar, H., Israr, S. W., Khanjar, I., & Hameed, S. A. B. A. (2023). Impacts of culture on classroom participation among undergraduate EFL learners in Afghanistan. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25
- Bukhari, S. A. (2021). Sample size determination using Krejcie and Morgan table. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11445.19687
- Cornelius-White, J. (2007). Learner-centered teacher-student relationships are effective: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 113–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543029856
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Frisby, B. N., & Martin, M. M. (2010). Instructor–student and student–student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, 59(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362
- Frisby, B. N., & Martin, M. M. (2010). Instructor–student and student–student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, 59(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362
- García Sánchez, C. A., Scholes Gillings de González, B., & López Martínez, C. de J. (2013). The Impact of Teacher-Student Relationships on EFL Learning. HOW, 20(1), 116–129. Link
- Halim, A. (2015). Building rapport creat Ahmed, Md. K. (2025). Exploring Teacher-Student Rapport in Second Language Learning Classrooms: Challenges and Strategies. IUBAT Review, 8(1), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.3329/iubatr.v8i1.83667 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/iubatr.v8i1.83667
- Halim, A. (2015). Building rapport creates effective communication in the classroom. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Applied Linguistics: Language and Well-being (pp. 5–7). Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). Link
- Hengki, & Ratna. (2024). Discourse analysis study: Establishing good rapport through teacher talk in Indonesian higher education classrooms. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), 6(6) 11-15 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.26464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.26464
- Himat, A. N., & Noor, N. (2024). Teachers’ perceptions of active learning method in Afghanistan. Contemporary Educational Researches Journal. https://doi.org/ 10.18844/cerj.v14i1.9337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/cerj.v14i1.9337
- Khadistani, A. J. (2023). A textbook of Practicum 1. Kabul: Taleem wa Tarbia.
- Khanam, L., & Javed, M. (2024). Impact of teacher–student interpersonal relations on students' English language learning. Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences Review (JERSSR), 4(2),121–137. Link
- Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
- Meng, Y. (2021). Fostering EFL/ESL of teacher-student rapport. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 754797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754797 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754797
- Miksza, P., Shaw, J. T., Richerme, L. K., & Hash, P. M. (2023). Quantitative descriptive and correlational research. In Music education research: An introduction (Chap. 4). Oxford University Press.
- Miksza, P., Shaw, J. T., Richerme, L. K., & Hash, P. M. (2023). Quantitative descriptive and correlational research. In Music education research: An introduction (Chap. 4). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639757.003.0012
- Pan, X., & Yao, Y. (2023). Enhancing Chinese students’ academic engagement: The effect of teacher support and teacher–student rapport. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1188507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188507
- Rahma, A. S. M., Alshibli, A., Alazzabi, S. J., & Barka, Z. A. (2022). Teacher-student rapport and its effects on the learning process from Libyan EFL learners' perception (Undergraduate thesis). Faculty of Education, Janzour. Link
- Rohi, S., & Muslim, S. (2023). Factors influencing classroom participation: A case study of undergraduate students at education faculty, Paktia University. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(1), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.1.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.1.13
- Saeedi, M., Ghafouri, R., Javaheri, F., & Abedini, Z. (2021). The effects of teaching methods on academic motivation in nursing students: A systematic review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10, 271. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1070_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1070_20
- Chamani S. (2024). An Investigation into the Impact of EFL Teachers’ Rapport on Classroom Interactions and Students’ Participation in Class Activities: The Case of Experienced and Novice Teachers. IJREE. 9(3),34-45 Link
- Sun, Y., & Shi, W. (2022). On the role of teacher–student rapport and teacher support as predictors of Chinese EFL students’ affective learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 856430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856430
- Taherdoost, H. (2017). Determining sample size; How to calculate survey sample size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 2, 237–239. Link
- White, C. J. (2007). Learner-centered teacher-student relationships are effective: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 113–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543029856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298563
- Wittler, P. S. H., & Martin, M. H. (2004). Student and teacher rapport: An essential element for effective teaching. The Agricultural Education Magazine, 76(5), 16. Link
- Zhou, J. y., & Guo, W. (2012). Who is controlling the interaction? The effect of nonverbal mirroring on teacher-student rapport. US-China Education A Review, 7, 662–669. Link
References
Arrascue, G. (2023). The impact of teacher-student relationship on the academic, behavioral, and socioemotional growth and development of students aged Pre-K to 12 (Master’s thesis). Roger Williams University. Link
Aryaeian, N., & Rezaee, A. A. (2023). Establishing and maintaining rapport with learners for classroom management: A qualitative inquiry into Iranian EFL teachers’ cognition. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 15(32), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.22034/elt.2023.59433.2587
Aryaeian, N., & Rezaee, A. A. (2023). Establishing and maintaining rapport with learners for classroom management: A qualitative inquiry into Iranian EFL teachers’ cognition. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 15(32), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.22034/elt.2023.59433.2587
Assali, M., & Davenport, L. (2024). Teachers’ perceptions of the impact of teacher-student rapport on motivation in the ESL classroom. World Journal of English Language,14(5),381-391 https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p381
Atifnigar, H., Israr, S. W., Khanjar, I., & Hameed, S. A. B. A. (2023). Impacts of Culture on Classroom Participation Among Undergraduate EFL Learners in Afghanistan. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25
Atifnigar, H., Israr, S. W., Khanjar, I., & Hameed, S. A. B. A. (2023). Impacts of culture on classroom participation among undergraduate EFL learners in Afghanistan. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25
Atifnigar, H., Israr, S. W., Khanjar, I., & Hameed, S. A. B. A. (2023). Impacts of culture on classroom participation among undergraduate EFL learners in Afghanistan. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(2).25
Bukhari, S. A. (2021). Sample size determination using Krejcie and Morgan table. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11445.19687
Cornelius-White, J. (2007). Learner-centered teacher-student relationships are effective: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 113–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543029856
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Frisby, B. N., & Martin, M. M. (2010). Instructor–student and student–student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, 59(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362
Frisby, B. N., & Martin, M. M. (2010). Instructor–student and student–student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, 59(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362
García Sánchez, C. A., Scholes Gillings de González, B., & López Martínez, C. de J. (2013). The Impact of Teacher-Student Relationships on EFL Learning. HOW, 20(1), 116–129. Link
Halim, A. (2015). Building rapport creat Ahmed, Md. K. (2025). Exploring Teacher-Student Rapport in Second Language Learning Classrooms: Challenges and Strategies. IUBAT Review, 8(1), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.3329/iubatr.v8i1.83667 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/iubatr.v8i1.83667
Halim, A. (2015). Building rapport creates effective communication in the classroom. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Applied Linguistics: Language and Well-being (pp. 5–7). Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). Link
Hengki, & Ratna. (2024). Discourse analysis study: Establishing good rapport through teacher talk in Indonesian higher education classrooms. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), 6(6) 11-15 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.26464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.26464
Himat, A. N., & Noor, N. (2024). Teachers’ perceptions of active learning method in Afghanistan. Contemporary Educational Researches Journal. https://doi.org/ 10.18844/cerj.v14i1.9337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/cerj.v14i1.9337
Khadistani, A. J. (2023). A textbook of Practicum 1. Kabul: Taleem wa Tarbia.
Khanam, L., & Javed, M. (2024). Impact of teacher–student interpersonal relations on students' English language learning. Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences Review (JERSSR), 4(2),121–137. Link
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Meng, Y. (2021). Fostering EFL/ESL of teacher-student rapport. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 754797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754797 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754797
Miksza, P., Shaw, J. T., Richerme, L. K., & Hash, P. M. (2023). Quantitative descriptive and correlational research. In Music education research: An introduction (Chap. 4). Oxford University Press.
Miksza, P., Shaw, J. T., Richerme, L. K., & Hash, P. M. (2023). Quantitative descriptive and correlational research. In Music education research: An introduction (Chap. 4). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639757.003.0012
Pan, X., & Yao, Y. (2023). Enhancing Chinese students’ academic engagement: The effect of teacher support and teacher–student rapport. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1188507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188507
Rahma, A. S. M., Alshibli, A., Alazzabi, S. J., & Barka, Z. A. (2022). Teacher-student rapport and its effects on the learning process from Libyan EFL learners' perception (Undergraduate thesis). Faculty of Education, Janzour. Link
Rohi, S., & Muslim, S. (2023). Factors influencing classroom participation: A case study of undergraduate students at education faculty, Paktia University. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(1), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.1.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.1.13
Saeedi, M., Ghafouri, R., Javaheri, F., & Abedini, Z. (2021). The effects of teaching methods on academic motivation in nursing students: A systematic review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10, 271. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1070_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1070_20
Chamani S. (2024). An Investigation into the Impact of EFL Teachers’ Rapport on Classroom Interactions and Students’ Participation in Class Activities: The Case of Experienced and Novice Teachers. IJREE. 9(3),34-45 Link
Sun, Y., & Shi, W. (2022). On the role of teacher–student rapport and teacher support as predictors of Chinese EFL students’ affective learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 856430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856430
Taherdoost, H. (2017). Determining sample size; How to calculate survey sample size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 2, 237–239. Link
White, C. J. (2007). Learner-centered teacher-student relationships are effective: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 113–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543029856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298563
Wittler, P. S. H., & Martin, M. H. (2004). Student and teacher rapport: An essential element for effective teaching. The Agricultural Education Magazine, 76(5), 16. Link
Zhou, J. y., & Guo, W. (2012). Who is controlling the interaction? The effect of nonverbal mirroring on teacher-student rapport. US-China Education A Review, 7, 662–669. Link
Accepted 2025-10-25
Published 2025-10-31