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An Analysis of Afghan Broadcast Media News Orientation Based on Galtung’s Theory: A Study of ToloNews Programs
Corresponding Author(s) : Zubair KhalilRahman Auzarmi
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities,
Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): October
Abstract
This article examines the news reporting orientation of Afghan broadcast media, focusing on whether it prioritizes truth, people, and solutions or propaganda, elite interests, and victory narratives, potentially at the expense of national interests. It highlights the crucial responsibility of broadcast media to promote understanding of social and political issues through its essential functions: education, information, and entertainment. The study critically explores scholarly debates on broadcasting orientation and media effectiveness, using examples from Afghan broadcast media coverage of previously unexamined issues. Johan Galtung's theory serves as the theoretical framework for this investigation. The methodology employs a mixed approach, combining qualitative analysis and theory with quantitative methods to assess audience interest in specific TV channels. Data collection involved questionnaires and interview, with sample selection based on Cochran's formula and Morgan's table. SPSS software was used for data analysis, and the questionnaire's reliability was confirmed with a value of 0.9. The study hypothesizes that "Afghan broadcast media played a considerable role in positive-orientated news reporting; however, based on Johan Galtug’s theory, TOLOnews programs recently have not been a matter of concern in positive news reporting in the country." Preliminary findings suggest that Afghan broadcast media, including TOLOnews, contributes to positive coverage of events in the country.
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- Backlund, Ann-Katrin., & Sandberg, Ake. (2002). New Media Industry Development: Regions, Networks, and Hierarchies-Some Policy Implications. Regional Studies, 36 (1), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00343400120099898
- E Relly, Jeannine., & Zanger, Margaret. (2017). The enigma of news media development with multi-pronged ‘capture’: The Afghanistan case, Journalism: Theory, practice and criticism, 18 (10), 1233-1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916670933
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- Isser, Rajesh. (2017). Military-Media Engagement in Conflicts and Disasters, Communicator, 11(3), 41-63.
- Jawad, A. Q. (2013). Media Focus in Afghanistan News Coverage [Master’s thesis, The University of Arkansas]. Fayettevel, Arkansas, United States: University. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/665
- Joya, Zahra. (2018, January 16). Afghanistan in need of Peace-centered and Value-oriented Journalism. Shafaqna New Association. http://af.shafaqna.com/FA/0123420
- Kamous. (2018). Media controversy and Afghan Journalism perspective. Esalat Website. http://www.esalat.org/images/jangpercent20rasanapercent20haa.htm
- L. Miracle, Lieutenant Colonel Tammy. (2003). The Army and Embedded Media, U.S.: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Washington, D.C. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-111573648/the-army-and-embedded-media
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- McGoldrick, A. (2006). War Journalism and ‘Objectivity.’ Conflict and Communication Online, 5(2), 6. http://www.cco.regener-online.de/2006_2/pdf/mcgoldrick.pdf
- McGoldrick, L. A. (2005). Peace Journalism. Prologue: Hawthorne Press, Gloucestershire.
- Misbah, S. B. (2018, January 16). Afghanistan’s Requirement of Peace Journalism. Jomhor News Agency. http://www.jomhornews.com/fa/article/81513/
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- Rao, N Bhaskara., & Vasanti, P N. (2006). Media Ethics Sustain and Enhance Very Scope of Freedom: South Asia Politics, Delhi. Center of Media Studies (CMS).
- Sharif, Kasim., & Yousafzai, Farish Ullah. (2011). War or Peace framing? An analysis of the Pakistani Press coverage on the War on Terror. The Journal of Development Communication, 22 (1), 56-71. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-279462002/war-or-peace-framing-an-analysis-of-the-pakistani
- Shirzad, Hasinaa. (2018, January 16). Afghanistan War Journalism Landscape. 8Subh News Paper. http://8am.af/1396/03/09/take-a-look-at-peace-journalism
- Special Articles. (2000). Media in South Asia. Monthly Commentary on Indian Economic Conditions. 42(5), 8-18.
- The Guadian. (2018, February 28). Barack Obama delays withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/15/obama-delay-withdrawal-us-troops-afghanistan
- The People’s War and Johan Galtung’s Conflict Models. (June 2014). National University of Political and Administrative Sciences, Bucharest, The Public Administration and Social Policies Review. 1(12), 32-44. http://revad.uvvg.ro/files/nr12/3.Ionut_Stalenoi.pdf
- Ubayasiri, Kasun. (2017). Journalism in the Crosshairs: The Islamic State’s exploitation of western media practice, Australia: Griffith University. 2017 (011), 1-13. http://www.fusion-journal.com/issue/011 dangerous-journalism/journalism-in-the-crosshairs-the-islamic-states-exploitation-of-western-media-practice/
References
Backlund, Ann-Katrin., & Sandberg, Ake. (2002). New Media Industry Development: Regions, Networks, and Hierarchies-Some Policy Implications. Regional Studies, 36 (1), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00343400120099898
E Relly, Jeannine., & Zanger, Margaret. (2017). The enigma of news media development with multi-pronged ‘capture’: The Afghanistan case, Journalism: Theory, practice and criticism, 18 (10), 1233-1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916670933
Galtung, J. (2007). Peace Journalism as an Ethical Challenge. Journal of International and Peace Studies, 7-9. https://eirineftikidimosiografia.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/galtung-j-peace-journalism-as-an-ethical-challenge.pdf
Isser, Rajesh. (2017). Military-Media Engagement in Conflicts and Disasters, Communicator, 11(3), 41-63.
Jawad, A. Q. (2013). Media Focus in Afghanistan News Coverage [Master’s thesis, The University of Arkansas]. Fayettevel, Arkansas, United States: University. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/665
Joya, Zahra. (2018, January 16). Afghanistan in need of Peace-centered and Value-oriented Journalism. Shafaqna New Association. http://af.shafaqna.com/FA/0123420
Kamous. (2018). Media controversy and Afghan Journalism perspective. Esalat Website. http://www.esalat.org/images/jangpercent20rasanapercent20haa.htm
L. Miracle, Lieutenant Colonel Tammy. (2003). The Army and Embedded Media, U.S.: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Washington, D.C. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-111573648/the-army-and-embedded-media
Loyn, D. (2007). Good Journalism or Peace Journalism? Conflict and Communication online, http://www.cco.regener-online.de/2007_2/abstr_engl/loyn_abstr_engl.htm
McGoldrick, A. (2006). War Journalism and ‘Objectivity.’ Conflict and Communication Online, 5(2), 6. http://www.cco.regener-online.de/2006_2/pdf/mcgoldrick.pdf
McGoldrick, L. A. (2005). Peace Journalism. Prologue: Hawthorne Press, Gloucestershire.
Misbah, S. B. (2018, January 16). Afghanistan’s Requirement of Peace Journalism. Jomhor News Agency. http://www.jomhornews.com/fa/article/81513/
Ottosen, R. (2010). The war in Afghanistan and peace journalism in practice. Media War & Conflict, 275. doi: 10.1177/1750635210378944
Rao, N Bhaskara., & Vasanti, P N. (2006). Media Ethics Sustain and Enhance Very Scope of Freedom: South Asia Politics, Delhi. Center of Media Studies (CMS).
Sharif, Kasim., & Yousafzai, Farish Ullah. (2011). War or Peace framing? An analysis of the Pakistani Press coverage on the War on Terror. The Journal of Development Communication, 22 (1), 56-71. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-279462002/war-or-peace-framing-an-analysis-of-the-pakistani
Shirzad, Hasinaa. (2018, January 16). Afghanistan War Journalism Landscape. 8Subh News Paper. http://8am.af/1396/03/09/take-a-look-at-peace-journalism
Special Articles. (2000). Media in South Asia. Monthly Commentary on Indian Economic Conditions. 42(5), 8-18.
The Guadian. (2018, February 28). Barack Obama delays withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/15/obama-delay-withdrawal-us-troops-afghanistan
The People’s War and Johan Galtung’s Conflict Models. (June 2014). National University of Political and Administrative Sciences, Bucharest, The Public Administration and Social Policies Review. 1(12), 32-44. http://revad.uvvg.ro/files/nr12/3.Ionut_Stalenoi.pdf
Ubayasiri, Kasun. (2017). Journalism in the Crosshairs: The Islamic State’s exploitation of western media practice, Australia: Griffith University. 2017 (011), 1-13. http://www.fusion-journal.com/issue/011 dangerous-journalism/journalism-in-the-crosshairs-the-islamic-states-exploitation-of-western-media-practice/